Semen Analysis

Male fertility can be ascertained using a diagnostic process called a semen analysis test. It’s a first step in assessing male reproductive health, even though it doesn’t offer a comprehensive assessment of fertility.

Furthermore, by counting the leftover sperm in semen, this test can assess the effectiveness of a vasectomy, a surgical procedure used to provide permanent male contraception. The process is non-invasive and has no known negative consequences.

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Female infertility

Female infertility can be defined as inability to achieve pregnancy even after having unprotected sexual intercourse. Recurrent miscarriages are also part of infertility. It can be due to many underlying issues of reproductive system.

  • Causes and risk factors: Many factors such as age, hormonal imbalance, anatomical issues, life style habits affect the female fertility.
  • Age: As age processes the chances of getting pregnant decreases. This can be due to decrease in the production of eggs and hormonal changes that takes place in the body. Women above age of 40 are at high risk of infertility.
  • Life style: Many lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol, BMI, certain drugs, caffeine consumption, nutrition and stress can impact fertility.

Hormonal imbalances and ovulation disorders

Polycystic ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) causes a hormone imbalance, which affects ovulation. This can cause irregular menstruation and other problems like acne, unwanted hair, obesity etc.

Hypothalamic dysfunction

Hypothalamic Dysfunction can lead to impairment in production of hormones like Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) which in turn impairs fertility. Other hormonal complications like excess production of prolactin which reduces estrogen levels and thyroid dysfunction can also cause fertility problems.

Structural or Anatomical disorders

Anatomical or structural causes of infertility can range from issues with the uterus, such as uterine fibroids or polyps, to issues with the ovaries, such as endometriosis or ovarian cysts, and even issues with the fallopian tubes, such as tubal obstructions.

Damage or blockage of fallopian tube

Any damage or blockage in fallopian tube can interfere with the fertilization process, by preventing the sperm to combine with the egg. The damage can be due to various reasons.

  • 1. Pelvic inflammatory disorders:
    Pelvic inflammatory disorders can be caused due to infections caused by Chlamydia, gonorrhoea and other sexually transmitted diseases.
  • 2. Endometriosis
    Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. It can cause pain and fertility problems by blocking the fallopian tubes or affecting the function of the ovaries.
  • 3. Previous surgeries:
    Past history of surgery in the pelvis, such as removing ovarian cysts or surgery for appendicitis can also be a reason sometimes.
  • 4. Cancer and its treatment:
    Certain cancers such as ovarian and cervical cancers often reduce female fertility. Both radiation and chemotherapy may also affect fertility.

Treatment for female infertility:

Treatment depends on various factors like cause of infertility, individual preferences and age. Treatment can be given through medication or surgery and other Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART).

Medication treatment:

Medications are prescribed in females with fertility problems to stimulate or to promote egg release especially in women who do not ovulate regularly or cannot ovulate at all. Most common fertility medicines include Clomifene, Tamoxifen, Metformin, Gonadotropins.

Surgical Procedure:

There are several procedures to assess and treat fertility problems. These include.

Laparoscopic or Hysteroscopic surgery:

These surgeries are usually performed to correct problems with uterine anatomy or to remove endometrial polyps and fibroids or to remove adhesions

Fallopian tube surgery:

This surgery is performed if fallopian tubes have become blocked or scarred. Surgery can be used to break up the scar tissue in your fallopian tubes, making it easier for eggs to pass through them.

Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART):

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF):

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a procedure in which egg is fertilized outside the body. In this procedure usually fertility medicine is given to the female in order to produce more eggs than usual. Eggs are then retrieved and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory. Then the fertilized egg or embryo is transferred into the uterus of the woman to grow and develop further.

Intrauterine Insemination (IUI):

This procedure is also known as Artificial Insemination. In this procedure sperms are sperms are placed directly in the uterus around the time that the ovary releases one or more eggs to be fertilized.